![]() Basic Principles of Doppler Ultrasonographyī-mode ultrasonography utilizes sound waves that are emitted from a transducer. This article aims to review current literature and discuss future opportunities for color doppler ultrasonography in applied bovine reproduction. By allowing non-pregnant females to be diagnosed earlier, color Doppler has also created opportunities for earlier resynchronization with fixed-time artificial insemination (TAI Pugliesi et al., 2019 Palhão et al., 2020) and fixed-time ET (FTET Pugliesi et al., 2018). More specifically, Color Doppler ultrasonography has been used to identify recipient females with greater probabilities of pregnancy success after embryo transfer (ET Pugliesi et al., 2019) and as a tool for early pregnancy diagnosis ( Siqueira et al., 2013 Pugliesi et al., 2014 Holton et al., 2022a). Among the many opportunities for the use of this technology in bovine reproduction, Doppler ultrasonography has been explored as a tool to determine uterine blood flow during gestation ( Bollwein et al., 2002) and to assess follicular and luteal blood perfusion ( Ginther et al., 2007a, b). Clinically relevant information on the vascularization of specific organs or structures within these organs is provided and can be used to estimate their functionality. In addition to its contributions to research, B-mode ultrasonography is also commonly used in bovine veterinary practice to examine the reproductive tract, assess reproductive pathologies, perform pregnancy diagnoses, evaluate fetal sex and viability, and assess female physiological status.ĭoppler ultrasonography is a relatively newer technology used to evaluate reproductive organs and allows for the detection of blood flow and blood perfusion using the Doppler effect. Such knowledge was fundamental in the development of advanced estrus synchronization programs, which in turn have revolutionized the use of reproductive biotechnologies in both beef and dairy herds (Reviewed by Lamb et al., 2016 and Bisinotto et al., 2014, respectively). As an example, ultrasonography played an essential role in the characterization of the wave-like pattern of follicular growth ( Fortune et al., 1988 Ginther et al., 1989). This technology was paramount in increasing the understanding of cattle reproductive biology and facilitated the development of certain reproductive biotechnologies. Conventional B-mode (brightness mode) ultrasonography was initially adopted in bovine reproduction research in the early 1980s and enabled researchers to perform live evaluations of the female reproductive tract by generating two-dimensional greyscale images. This review summarizes the recent developments in the applied use of color Doppler ultrasonography for reproductive management in both beef and dairy cattle herds.ĭevelopment of ultrasound technology has contributed significantly to bovine reproduction research and veterinary medicine. Although significant progress has been made and current literature indicates a strong potential for the applied use of Doppler ultrasonography to increase reproductive efficiency in the cattle industry, uptake of this technology is still currently limited. Recent research has also explored the use of Doppler technology in applied reproductive management for both the beef and dairy industries and has focused on the use of luteal color Doppler ultrasonography to evaluate embryo transfer recipients and perform early pregnancy diagnosis. Doppler technology has predominantly been explored in research settings to evaluate uterine blood flow and to assess follicular and luteal blood perfusion. The use of Doppler ultrasonography to quantify blood vascularization in reproductive organs has increased over the past decade. 3ABS Global, DeForest, WI, United States.2Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States. ![]() 1Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States. ![]()
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